Ag source lawrence ks9/28/2023 Between 30%–35% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions come from agriculture, and crop irrigation accounts for 70% of the world’s freshwater withdrawals. Many other species may become threatened with agricultural expansion ( S2 Fig).Īgriculture also contributes more to other forms of environmental degradation than any other economic sector. Agricultural activities were annual and perennial nontimber crops, wood and pulp plantations, livestock farming and ranching, logging and wood harvesting, abstracting of surface water (agricultural use), abstraction of ground water (agricultural use), and agricultural and forestry effluents. We counted the total number of species classified as either critically endangered, endangered, or vulnerable by the IUCN Red List in different taxonomic units and the number that were assessed to be threatened by at least one agricultural activity. Estimated numbers of threatened species negatively impacted by agriculture. Throughout, we touch upon examples from centres of agricultural production.įig 2. We use economic and political theory to help explain why some measures are more prone to succeed than others, recognising that scientific understanding of a problem does not mean it will be solved. Here, we summarise how agriculture impacts the natural environment and then scrutinise the success of government agricultural policies that we believe offer the most promise for safeguarding nature while feeding a growing human population. Data used to make this figure are provided in S1 Data. Financial support data were preferentially sourced from the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) ( n = 21 countries), supplemented from the World Trade Organization (WTO) where possible for additional countries ( n = 12). Green and brown shading in the background is the percent of cropland and pasture at 5’ resolution in the year 2000. Data are from the most recent year available (2008–2013) and described in S1 Text. Sizes of symbols were scaled to VoP in hundreds of millions of United States dollars. We distinguished between policies aiming to achieve specific environmental objectives beyond those required by regulation (purple segments) and all other types of support irrespective of their influence on farm production or income (orange segments), e.g., market price support, monetary transfers based on output, input subsidies. Financial support to farmers from taxpayers and consumers associated with agricultural policies as a proportion of the total value of agricultural production (VoP) at the farm gate. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development PS,įig 1. International Union for Conservation of Nature NRA, The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are creditedįunding: This essay came out of a symposium supported by the Natural Environment Research Council grant NE/M005968/1. PLoS Biol 13(9):Ĭopyright: © 2015 Tanentzap et al. Citation: Tanentzap AJ, Lamb A, Walker S, Farmer A (2015) Resolving Conflicts between Agriculture and the Natural Environment.
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